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Papias (''fl.'' 1040s–1060s) was a Latin lexicographer from Italy. Although he is often referred to as Papias the Lombard, little is known of his life, including whether he actually came from Lombardy. ''The Oxford History of English Lexicography'' considers him the first modern lexicographer〔Hans Sauer, "Glosses, Glossaries, and Dictionaries in the Medieval Era," in ''The Oxford History of English Lexicography'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press,2009 ), vol.1, p. 30 (online. ) Others have called Nathaniel Bailey or Samuel Johnson the first modern lexicographer.〕 for his monolingual dictionary (Latin-Latin), ''Elementarium Doctrinae Rudimentum'',〔The title is less commonly given as ''Elementarium Doctrinae erudimentum''.〕 written over a period of ten years in the 1040s. The ''Elementarium'' has been called "the first fully recognizable dictionary"〔Richard Sharpe, "Vocabulary, Word Formation, and Lexicography," in ''Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide'' (Catholic University of America Press, 1996), p. 96 (online. )〕 and is a landmark in the development of dictionaries as distinct from mere collections of glosses. Papias arranges entries alphabetically based on the first three letters of the word, and is the first lexicographer to name the authors or texts he uses as sources.〔Sharpe, "Vocabulary, Word Formation, and Lexicography," p. 96.〕 Although most entries are not etymological, Papias laid the groundwork for derivational lexicography, which became firmly established only a century later.〔Tony Hunt, ''Teaching and Learning Latin in Thirteenth-Century England'' (Boydell & Brewer, 1991), pp. 371–372; Jane Chance, ''Medieval Mythography: From Roman North Africa to the School of Chartres, A.D. 433–1177'' (University of Florida Press, 1994), p. 61 ( online. )〕 Papias seems to have been a cleric with theological interests, possibly living in Pavia.〔Hunt, ''Teaching and Learning'', p. 371.〕 The name "Papias" means "the guide," and may be a pseudonym or pen name.〔Henry Ansgar Kelly, ''Ideas and Forms of Tragedy from Aristotle to the Middle Ages'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 64.〕 Bruno of Würzburg saw an early draft of the ''Elementarium'' before he died in 1045, but an unambiguous reference in the chronicle of Albericus Trium Fontium establishes that it was published by 1053.〔Hunt, ''Teaching and Learning'', pp. 371–372, citing Albericus Trium Fontium, ''Chronica'' (''ca.'' 1235).〕 ==''Elementarium doctrinae''== Papias set forth his principles in a preface to his dictionary and contributes new features to lexicography. He marks vowel length in the word entry when ambiguous, and notes the gender and declension or conjugation, recognizing that the lemma may be insufficient for grammatical usage.〔Sharpe, "Vocabulary, Word Formation, and Lexicography," p. 96.〕 He does not, however, distinguish between Classical and Vulgar Latin forms. Although he pays little attention to etymology, he provides definitions of legal terms, and gives excerpts from earlier glossaries such as the ''Liber glossarum'' and from textbooks of the liberal arts and logic.〔John Edwin Sandys, ''A History of Classical Scholarship'' (Cambridge University Press, 1906, 2nd ed.), p. 521.〕 Of greater general interest, Papias provides often copious examples and discursive information for each word,〔John Block Friedman, ''The Monstrous Races in Medieval Art and Thought'' (Syracuse University Press, 2000), p. 111.〕 and should probably be regarded as an encyclopedist as much as a lexicographer.〔Hunt, ''Teaching and Learning'', p. 372.〕 Papias renders Greek words and quotations into Latin, including five lines of Hesiod that he translates into Latin hexameters; this, however, may be an interpolation by an editor of the 1485 Venice edition.〔Sandys, ''A History of Classical Scholarship'', p. 521.〕 Although his efforts to deal with Greek are significant, his examples are "often imperfectly understood and interpreted."〔Hunt, ''Teaching and Learning'', p. 372.〕 The ''Elementarium'' anticipated some principles of derivational lexicography (''disciplina derivationis''), that is, a method that generates vocabulary through verbal analogy. The goal is not only to learn the main word in the entry, but to be able to derive other forms of the word. The method had been illustrated earlier by Priscian in his ''Partitiones duodecim versuum Aeneidos principalium''.〔Suzanne Reynolds, ''Medieval Reading: Grammar, Rhetoric, and the Classical Text'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 79.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Papias (lexicographer)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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